بررسی امکان ریسک آفرینی فرایند اشتراک دانش در سازمان های دانش‌محور (نمونه پژوهش: یک سازمان دانش‌محور در حوزه فناوری اطلاعات)

نوع مقاله : مطالعه موردی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت، دانشگاه نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت سیستم و بهره وری، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران ، تهران، ایران

3 استاد، گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشکده مدیریت و فناوری نرم، ، دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، تهران، ایران

چکیده

امروزه، اشتراک دانش در حال تبدیل‌شدن به مؤثرترین مؤلفه جهت دستیابی به مزیت رقابتی منحصربه‌فرد برای سازمان­های دانش‌محور است؛ اما درحالی که می­تواند منبع مزیت رقابتی سازمان باشد، می­ تواند منشای ریسک سازمانی نیز گردد. این مطالعه به بررسی امکان و شناسایی ریسک ­های احتمالی برای مزیت رقابتی در اثر به‌کارگیری فرایند اشتراک دانش در سازمان هدف می­پردازد. این برای نخستین بار است که موضوع ریسک در اثر فرایند اشتراک دانش به‌طور جدی مورد مطالعه قرار می ­گیرد. در این مطالعه، از مدل پژوهشی توصیفی-کاربردی بهره برده شده و روش آن پیمایشی و جامعه هدف آن تعدادی از کارکنان (دانشی) یک سازمان دانش‌محور در حوزه IT است. جهت جمع‌آوری داده ­ها از طراحی پرسشنامه، نظر خبرگان و جهت بررسی پایایی و روایایی داده­ های استخراج‌شده از آزمون­های آلفای کرون باخ، کیزر-میر-الکین، بارتلت و به‌منظور بررسی فرضیه­ های تحقیق از آزمون t، کای دو و فریدمن استفاده گردیده است. نتایج حاصل‌شده نشان داد که کارکنان و مدیران سازمان باید جهت حراست از مزیت رقابتی سازمان خود، ریسک آفرینی فرایند اشتراک دانش که منجر به ریسک ­هایی چون کاهش سطح عملکرد فناوری اطلاعات و کاهش بهره ­وری در سازمان می‌گردد را به‌طور جدی مورد توجه قرار داده و در راستای کاهش سطح این ریسک­ها چاره­ جویی نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Feasibility Survey the Risk-Taking Due to the Knowledge Sharing Process for the Knowledge-Based Organization (Case Study: An Organization in Field of Information Technology)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seied Mahdi Hoseini 1
  • Mostafa Jafari 2
  • Peyman Akhavan 3
1 Master’s degree of University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Today, It seams knowledge sharing has been trasformed to the most effective means of achieving a unique competitive advantage for a knowledge-based organization; But while it can be the source of the organization's advantage, it can be a source of risk too.This study focuses on the feasibility, evaluation and initial ranking of the risks for the competitive advantage of a knowledge-based organization under the influence of the knowledge sharing process. The research hypotheses were developed from the literature and tested on the data that collected through a survey on an IT firm. In this research, a descriptive-applied research model has been utilized and its survey method and its statistical society are employees of a knowledge-based organization. To collect data has been used a designed questionnaire and expert opinion, to evaluate the reliability and validity of the extracted data, Cronbach's alpha, Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin, Bartlett tests and the research hypotheses, t-test, Chi-Square and Friedman test has been exploited. Results indicated that managers and Employees should take the risk of knowledge sharing process seriously in order to protect their organization's competitive advantage, while not paying attention, it can lead to lower IT performance and lower productivity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Risk
  • Knowledge-Based Organization
  • Competitive Advantage
  • Knowledge Sharing
  • Knowledge Assets
  • Information Technology
-رهنورد، فرجاله. صدر، فاطمه. (1388)، رابطه ادراک فرهنگ تسهیم دانش کارکنان با عوامل سازمانی در دستگاه­های دولتی، فراسوی مدیریت، سال دوم، شماره 8، ص 47.
- منوریان، عباس و عسگری، ناصر. (1383). الزامات آموزش کارکنان دانشی در عصر دانایی محوری، مدیریت تحول، ویژه‌نامه مدیریت، منابع انسانی شماره 43.
 
References
-Aljafari, R., Sarnikar, S. (2010). A Risk Assessment Framework for Inter-Organizational Knowledge Sharing, Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10(29).
-Aggestam, Lena, Söderström, Eva, Persson, Anne, (2010), Seven Types of Knowledge Loss in the Knowledge Capture Process, 18th European Conference on Information Systems.
-Arthur, J. B., & Huntley, C. L. (2005). Ramping up the organizational learning curve: Assessing the impact of deliberate learning on organizational performance under gain sharing. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), pp. 1159-1170.
-Alavi, M. Leidner, D.E. (2001), Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: conceptual foundations and research issues, MS Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 107-32.
-Bartol, K. M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership &Organizational Studies, 9(1), 64–76
-Bailey, C. & Clarke, M. (2001), managing knowledge for personal and organisational benefit, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol.5, No.1, pp.58-67.
-Blankenship, S. S. and Ruona, W. E. A. (2009), Exploring knowledge sharing in social structures: potential contributions to an overall knowledge management strategy , Advances in Developing Human Resources, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 290–306.
-Burton, Jones Alan (1999): Knowledge Capitalism: Business, Work, and Learning in the New Economy Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 248.
-Barney, J. B. (1991) Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage; Journal of Management 17, 1, 99-120.
-Babcock, P. (2004). Shedding light on knowledge management. HR Magazine, 49(5), 46-50.
-Bayer, Florian, Maier, Ronald. (2006), Knowledge Risks in Inter-Organizational Knowledge Transfer, Proceedings of I-KNOW ’06 Graz, Austria, September 6 – 8.
-Cabrera, E. F. and Cabrera, A. (2005), Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 720–735.
-Camelo-Ordaz, C., García-Cruz, J., Sousa-Ginel, E. and Valle-Cabrera, R. (2011), the influence of human resource management on knowledge sharing and innovation in Spain: the mediating role of affective commitment, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp.1463-1442.
-Canzano, D. and Grimaldi, M. (2012), an integrated framework to implement a knowledge management programme: the role of technological tools and techniques, International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise, Vol. 1 No. 3/4, pp. 233–247.
-Cabrera, E. F., & Cabrera, A. (2005). Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), pp. 720-735.
-Collins, C. J., & Smith, K. G. (2006). Knowledge exchange and combination: The role of human resource practices in the performance of high-technology firms. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), pp. 544- 560.
-Chase, Rory.L, (1997) The Knowledge‐Based Organization: An International Survey, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 1 Issue: 1, pp.38-49.
-Carlsson SA and Kalling T (2006) Why is it that a knowledge management initiative works or fails. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Information
-Chua, A. and Lam, W. (2005) Why KM projects fail: a multi-case analysis, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2005, pp. 6-17.
-Davenport, T. H. & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledg: How organizations manage what the know. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard business school press.
-Darroch, J. and McNaughton, R. (2002), Examining the link between knowledge management practices and types of innovation, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 210–222.
-Day, G. S. (1994), the capabilities of market-driven organizations, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58 No.4. pp. 37–52.
-Davenport, T.H. (2005), Thinking for a Living, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA.
-Dimovski, Vlado, Penger Sandra. (2004), Creating The Knowledge Based Organization Through Learning Implementation Framework: Conceptual Model Of Slovenian Enterprises. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 3 (10).
-Dimovski Vlado, Penger Sandra, (2003), Virtual Management: A Cross Section of the Management Process Illustrating Its Fundamental Functions of Planning, Organizing, Leading And Controlling in a New Era Organization. Littleton, Journal of Business & Economic Research, Vol 1, No 10, p. 27-36
-Droege, S. B. and Hoobler, J. M. (2003), Employee Turnover and Tacit Knowledge Diffusion: A Network Perspective, Journal of Managerial Issues 15(1): 50–61.
-Drucker, Peter F., (1999), Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge, California management review, Vol 41. No 2.
-Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge, California Management Review, 41(2): 79-94.
-Francesco A. Calabrese (2006), Knowledge Organization in the Twenty-first century Knowledge-based organizations in context, The journal of information and knowledge management systems Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 12-16
-Fang, Yongheng. Liang, Qian. Jia, Zhouping. (2011), Knowledge Sharing Risk Warning of Industry Cluster: an Engineering Perspective. Systems Engineering Procedia. 2, pp.412 – 421.
-Fekete Farkas, Mária. Gábor Török, L., (2011), knowledge workers, competencies virtuality and management, Polish, Journal of management studies, Vol4.
-Freeman, E. H. (2004). Document Theft: Appropriate Responses; Edpacs 17, 5. pp7.
-Gi Park, Jun. Lee, Jungwoo (2014) Knowledge sharing in information systems development projects: Explicating the role of dependence and trust, International Journal of Project Management, No23, pp153-156.
-Ghobadi. Shahla & Mathiassen. Lars, (2017). A model for assessing and mitigating knowledge sharing risks in agile software developmentBlackwell Publishing Ltd, Information Systems Journal. Volume27, Issue6. Pages 699-731.
-Gheorghe. Mirela, (2012). The risks associated to the knowledge transfer at organizational level, Proceedings of the International management conference, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 6(1), pages 570-576.
-Gavirneni, S., Kapuscinski, R. and Tayur, S. (1999), Value of information in capacitated supply chains, Management Science, Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 16-24.
-Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A. and Segars, A. H. (2001), Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 185–214.
-Grant, R. M. (1996), toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17 No. Special Issue: Knowledge and the Firm, pp. 109–122.
-Gallati, R. R, 2003. Risk management and capital adequacy; McGraw-Hill, New York.
Probst, G., Knaese, B. (1998). Risikofaktor Wissen: wie Banken sich vor Wissensverlusten schützen; Gabler, Wiesbaden.
-Gheorghe. Mirela. (2012). The Risk Associated To the Knowledge Transfer at Organizational Level, Proceedings of the International management conference, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania. 6(1), pp. 570-576.
-Hesselbein Frances, Goldsmith Marshall, Beckhard Richard. (1997). The Organizations of the Future. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers.
-Jasimuddin, S. M. (2006), Knowledge transfer: a review to explore conceptual foundations and research agenda, Advances in Doctoral Research in Management, Vol. 1, pp. 3–19.
-Jackson, S. E., Chuang, C.-H., Harden, E. E., Jiang, Y., & Joseph, J. M. (2006). Toward developing human resource management systems for knowledge-intensive teamwork. In J.M. Joseph (ED), Research in personnel and human resources management. Amesterdam, pp 27-70.
-Jennex, M.E., Smolnik, S. and Croasdell, D. (2007) Towards Defining Knowledge Management Success, Proceedings of the 40 Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences.
-Johnson. E., Dynes. S., (2007), Inadvertent disclosure: Information leaks in the extended enterprise, Proceedings of the 6 th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, Pittsburgh, PA, June 7-8,.
-Knight, F. H. 1921, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit; Houghton Mifflin, Boston; New
York.
-Kankanhalli, A., B.C.Y. Tan, and K.K. Wei (2005), Contributing Knowledge to Electronic Knowledge Repositories: An Empirical Investigation, MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 113-143.
-Lai, Ming Fong. Gupta, Gwo-Guang. (2007), Risk-avoiding cultures toward achievement of knowledge sharing, Business process management Journal, Vol.13, No.4. Pp522-537.
-Lin, H.F. 2007. Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower. (28)3/4: 315-332.
-Lekhawipat, Watcharee. Wei, yu-huei. Lin, chinho. (2018). how internal attributions affect knowledge sharing behavior, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 22 Issue: 4, pp.867-886.
-Lev, B. (2005), Intangible Assets: Concepts and Measurement in: K. Kempf-Leonard, Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Vol. 2, Amsterdam, 299-305.
-Laubacher Robert J., Malone Thomas W. (2000): Retreat of the Firm and the Rise of Guilds: The Employment Relationship in an Age of Virtual Business. 21st Century Initiative, Working Paper No 033. Cambridge: MIT Sloan School of Management.
-Lippert, M., Becker-Pechau, P., Breitling, H., (2003). Developing complex projects using XP with extensions. Computer, 36, pp.67–73.
-Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. (2009). Information sharing and team performance: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 535-546.
-Mehlinger, H.D. (1995). School Reform in the Information Age. Bloomington, Center for Excellence in Education, Indiana University. U.S.A.
-Murray Eugene. Jennex, (2014), a proposed method for assessing knowledge loss risk with departing personnel, VINE: The journal of information and knowledge management systems, Vol. 44 Issue: 2, pp.185-209.
-Massingham, P. (2008). Measuring the impact of knowledge loss: more than ripples on a pond? Management Learning, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 541-560.
-Marshall, R.S., Nguyen, T., Bryant, S.E., (2005), A dynamic model for trust development and knowledge sharing in strategic alliances, Journal of General Management, 31(1) 41-57.
-Mcdermott, Richard, O’Dell, Carla, (2001) Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing knowledge, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 Issue: 1, pp.76-85.
-Nonaka, Ikujiro, Takeuchi, H. (1995): The Knowledge Creating Company. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 72.
-Noaman, A. Y. and Fouad, F. (2014), Knowledge sharing in universal societies of some develop nations, International Journal of Academic Research, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 205–212.
-Osterman, P. (1987), Turnover, Employment Security, and the Performance of the Organization’, in M. Kleiner (ed.) Human Resources and the Performance of the Organization, pp. 275–317.
-O’Dell, C. & Grayson, C.J., (1998). If only we knew what we know: identification and transfer of internal best practices, California Management Review, 40 (3), pp. 154-74.
-Peyman, Akhavan. Rahimi, Akbar. Mehralian, Gholamhosein. (2013). Developing a model for Knowledge sharing in research center, the journal of information and knowledge management system, Vol43, No.3, PP353-357.
-Pardo, A.T., Cresswell, A., Zhang, T.F. (2007). Knowledge sharing in cross-boundary information system development in the public sector, Information Technology Management, 7293-313.
-Rahman, Safayet. Zahidul Islam, Md, Ahad Abdullah, Annie Dayani. (2017). Understanding factors affecting knowledge sharing: A proposed framework for Bangladesh’s business organizations, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, Vol. 8 Issue: 3, pp.275-298.
-Rodriguez, E and Edwards, J. (2010) People, Technology, Processes and Risk Knowledge Sharing, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 8 Issue 1 (pp139 - 150)
-Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge sharing barriers managers must consider, Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), pp. 18-35.
-R.Y. Arakji, K.R. Lang, (2007), Innovation and product development in the video game industry, Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(2) 195-219.
-Savage Charles M. (1996). Fifth Generation Management: Co-creating Through Virtual Enterprising, Dynamic Teaming, and Knowledge Networking. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
-Santosus, Megan, Surmacz, Jon (2003): The ABCs of Knowledge Management. Knowledge Management Research Center.
-Sanchez R., Henne A. (2003) (Eds): Strategic Learning and Knowledge Management. Chichester: John Wiley.
-Szulanski, G. (2000), the process of knowledge transfer: a diachronic analysis of stickiness, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 82 No. 1, pp. 9–27.
-Sandelands, E. (1999) Learning organizations: a review of the literature relating to strategies, building blocks and barriers, Management Literature in Review, Vol 1.
-Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm; Strategic Management Journal 17, Winter Special Issue. pp27-43.
-Sawhney, M. & Prandelli, E. (2000). Beyond Customer knowledge Management: Customer as knowledge Co-creators. In Knowledge management and virtual organizations. Idea Group Inc (IGI) London.UK.
-Spender, J.-C., (2008), Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management: Whence and Whither? Management Learning, 39, 159-176.
-Spender, J.-C, Grant, Robert. M. (1996), Knowledge and the firm overview, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17(Winter Special Issue), 5-9.
-Tangaraja, G., Rasdi, R. M., Samah, B. A. and Ismail, M. (2016), Knowledge sharing is knowledge transfer: a misconception in the literature, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 653-670.
-Teece, D. J. (1998), Capturing value from knowledge assets: the new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 55–79.
-Teece, D. J. (2002), Managing Intellectual Capital. Organizational, Strategic, and Policy Dimensions; Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
-Wang Catherine L., Ahmed Perveiz, K.,(2003), Structure & Structural Dimensions For Knowledge- Based Organizaions, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol7, Issue 1:12 9- 34.
-Yeşil, S. and Dereli, S. F. (2013), an empirical investigation of the organisational justice, knowledge sharing and innovation capability, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 75, pp. 199–208.
Yang, J.-T. (2007), the impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 83–90.
-Yoo, Y., & Alavi, M. (2001), Media and group cohesion: Relative influences on social presence, task participation, and group consensus, MIS Quarterly, 25 (3), 371-390.
-Yao, L.J., Kam, T.H.Y., and Chan, S.H. (2007), Knowledge sharing in Asian public administration sector: the case of Hong Kong, Journal of Enterprise Information Management Decision, 20(1), 51–69.
- Zach, Michael. H, (2002), he Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge: A Collection of Readings, Oxford University Press.